We evaluated whether hyaluronan (HA) levels in the sputum could be used as a noninvasive tool to predict progressive disease and treatment response, as detected in a computed tomography scan in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Sputum samples were collected from 84 patients with histological confirmation of NSCLC, 33 of which were in early-stage and 51 in advanced-stage disease. Patients received systemic chemotherapy (CT) after surgery (n=36), combined CT and immunotherapy (IO) (n=15), or targeted therapy for driver mutation and disease relapse (N=4). The primary end-point was to compare sputum HA levels in two different concentrations of hypertonic saline solution with overall survival (OS) and the secondary and exploratory end-points were radiologic responses to treatment and patient outcome. Higher concentrations of HA in the sputum were significantly associated to factors related to tumor stage, phenotype, response to treatment, and outcome. In the early stage, patients with lower sputum HA levels before treatment achieved a complete tumor response after systemic CT with better progression-free survival (PFS) than those with high HA levels. We also examined the importance of the sputum HA concentration and tumor response in the 51 patients who developed metastatic disease and received CT+IO. Patients with low levels of sputum HA showed a complete tumor response in the computed tomography scan and stable disease after CT+IO treatment, as well as a better PFS than those receiving CT alone. HA levels in sputum of NSCLC patients may serve as a candidate biomarker to detect progressive disease and monitor treatment response in computed tomography scans.

Resumo Este artigo estuda a influência do grau de corrosão, calculado pela perda de massa e pelos menores diâmetros, sobre a resistência ao escoamento, limite de resistência e alongamento final em armaduras corroídas naturalmente. Essas armaduras permaneceram enterradas por 60 anos. As propriedades mecânicas das armaduras de espera foram comparadas às de barras de referência, que também permaneceram enterradas por 60 anos, mas sem sofrer o processo de corrosão. Foram realizadas micrografias, além da determinação da composição química e da caracterização da agressividade do solo onde as armaduras estavam enterradas. As micrografias e a composição química mostram a presença de pites nas armaduras e teores de enxofre acima das prescrições recomendadas para o aço na época de execução das fundações, respectivamente. Os resultados também mostram que os efeitos da corrosão por pites sobre as propriedades mecânicas das barras corroídas naturalmente podem não ser adequadamente expressos pela perda de massa. Esse tipo de corrosão (pites) produz variações geométricas nas seções transversais ao longo do comprimento dos corpos de prova, gerando gradientes de esforços entre seções sucessivas, que impactam de forma notória sobre suas propriedades mecânicas. De uma maneira geral, os efeitos da corrosão são mais pronunciáveis sobre a ductilidade das barras. Com relação à agressividade do solo, altas velocidades de corrosão foram identificadas nas armaduras, mesmo com o solo sendo classificado como essencialmente não corrosivo.

Abstract This paper studies the influence of the corrosion degree calculated by the mass loss and by the smaller diameters on the yield strength, ultimate strength and final elongation. Reinforcements buried and naturally corroded for 60 years were studied. The mechanical properties of the protruding reinforcing steel were compared to reference bars, which also remained buried for 60 years, but without going through the corrosion process. Micrographs, besides the chemical composition and the characterization of the aggressiveness of the soil were realized. The micrographs and the chemical composition show the presence of pits in the reinforcements and sulfur contents for steel above the prescriptions of the time when the foundations were initially implement, respectively. The results also show that the effects of pitting corrosion on the mechanical properties of the naturally corroded bars may not be adequately expressed by the mass loss. This type of corrosion (pits) produces geometric variations in the cross sections along the length of the test specimens, generating stress gradients between successive sections. This has a noticeable impact on the mechanical properties of the reinforcements. In general, the effects of corrosion are more pronounced on the ductility of the reinforcement. Regarding the aggressiveness of the soil, high corrosion rates were identified in the reinforcement, even with the soil being classified as essentially non-corrosive.

RESUMOO conhecimento do sistema reprodutivo é fundamental para a conservação e manejo de uma espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a fenologia da floração, a antese, registrar os insetos visitantes no período de floração, determinar as características morfométricas das flores e o sistema reprodutivo da erva-baleeira, em um ambiente de Cerrado do Norte de Minas Gerais. Entre maio a dezembro de 2012 foi caracterizado o comportamento fenológico da floração. Na análise da fenologia floral foi determinado: o crescimento da inflorescência, o número de flores e frutos por inflorescências. Utilizou-se seis acessos que tiveram dez inflorescências marcadas em cada acesso, totalizando 60 inflorescências. A antese foi determinada utilizando quatro inflorescências em duas plantas. Os visitantes florais foram observados in loco e capturados em três dias consecutivos de coleta. As características morfométricas foram determinadas com paquímetro utilizando 20 flores, sendo cinco flores de quatro acessos. Para determinar o sistema reprodutivo utilizou-se a razão pólen:óvulo (P:O), utilizando 50 flores, sendo 10 flores de cinco acessos em pré-antese. Nas condições de Montes Claros, o crescimento das inflorescências de erva-baleeira ocorreu entre meados de agosto e início de outubro, totalizando 45 dias. O florescimento foi observado entre meados de setembro e final de outubro, enquanto a frutificação ocorreu de meados de outubro a início de dezembro, sendo que ambos ocorreram de forma irregular. A antese floral de erva-baleeira, neste estudo, ocorre entre 7:00 e 11:00 horas. Os insetos visitantes pertencem as ordens Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera e Hymenoptera. As flores apresentaram o diâmetro de 2,13 ± 0,05 (mm), o comprimento de 3,29 ± 0,08 (mm), diâmetro do ovário de 0,70 ± 0,02 (mm), o comprimento do ovário de 2,48 ± 0,12 (mm), o diâmetro da antera de 0,67 ± 0,01(mm) e o comprimento da antera de 0,93 ±0,02 (mm), quatro óvulos e cinco anteras por flor. A razão P:O foi de 576,542, indicando que a espécie é alógama facultativa.

ABSTRACTThe knowledge of the reproductive system is essential for the conservation and management of the species. This study aimed on several procedures, as follows: to describe the phenology of flowering, the anthesis; to record the visiting insects during flowering and to determine the morphometric characteristics of the flowers and the reproductive system of the "erva-baleeira", in an environment of Northern Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais. From May to December 2012, the flowering phenology of six access was characterized. In the analyzes of floral phenology it were determined the growth of the inflorescence and the number of flowers and fruits per inflorescence by using six access which had ten inflorescences marked in each access l, totalizing sixty inflorescences. The anthensis was assessed using four inflorescences in two plants. The flower`s visitors were observed live and captured in three consecutive days of sampling. The morphometric characteristics were determined with a caliper using 20 flowers, with five flowers from four access. In order to determine the reproductive system it was employed a ratiopollen: ovule (P: O) with 50 flowers and 10 of them belonging to five accesses in the pre-anthesis. Under the conditions of Montes Claros, the growth of inflorescences from Cordia occurred between mid-August and early October, totalizing 45 days. The flowering was observed between mid-September and late October, and the fruiting occurred from mid-October to early December. Both phases happened irregularly. The anthesis of the Cordia, in this study, occurred between 7:00 and 11:00 o`clock.. The visiting insects identified were from the orders of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. The flowers exhibited a diameter of 2.13 ± 0.05 (mm), length of 3.29 ± 0.08 (mm), diameter of 0.70 ± 0.02 Ovarian (mm), the length of the ovary was 2.48 ± 0.12 (mm), the diameter of the anther 0.67 ± 0.01 (mm) and the length anther was 0.93 ± 0.02 (mm), with five anthers and four ovules per flower. The reason P: O was 576.542, indicating that the species is facultative allogamous.

Hyaluronan (HA) shows promise for detecting cancerous change in pleural effusion and urine. However, there is uncertainty about the localization of HA in tumor tissue and its relationship with different histological types and other components of the extracellular matrix, such as angiogenesis. We evaluated the association between HA and degree of malignancy through expression in lung tumor tissue and sputum. Tumoral tissue had significantly increased HA compared to normal tissue. Strong HA staining intensity associated with cancer cells was significant in squamous cell carcinoma compared to adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. A significant direct association was found between tumors with a high percentage of HA and MVD (microvessel density) in tumoral stroma. Similarly significant was the direct association between N1 tumors and high levels of HA in cancer cells. Cox multivariate analysis showed significant association between better survival and low HA. HA increased in sputum from lung cancer patients compared to cancer-free and healthy volunteers and a significant correlation was found between HA in sputum and HA in cancer tissue. Localization of HA in tumor tissue was related to malignancy and reflected in sputum, making this an emerging factor for an important diagnostic procedure in patients suspected to have lung cancer. Further study in additional patients in a randomized prospective trial is required to finalize these results and to validate our quantitative assessment of HA, as well as to couple it to gold standard sputum cytology.

A partir de los primeros resultados del Proyecto de Microzonificación Sísmica de Caracas, realizado entre los años 2005 y 2009, en el cual se identificaron las diferentes zonas con respuesta sísmica similar, surge el interés de determinar como dichos resultados podrían apoyar el proceso de planificación urbana de la ciudad. Como aporte a la discusión sobre el tema, se estudiaron las características principales de la amenaza sísmica, de otras amenazas, aspectos de vulnerabilidad y el marco normativo de la planificación urbana en el municipio Chacao, en el cual colapsaron cuatro edificaciones en el sismo de 1967. El estudio reveló que los niveles de amenaza sísmica correspondiente a la microzonificación sísmica, no rigen ni condicionan el ordenamiento urbano ni el diseño urbano, excepto por efectos económicos. Es una mejora necesaria de la norma de edificaciones sismorresistentes vigente. La microzonificación sísmica, junto con un adecuado proceso de planificación y gestión urbana, donde se incluya la adecuación estructural, la renovación urbana, el seguimiento y control de la aplicación de las normas para edificaciones sismorresistentes y el acompañamiento social y técnico, podría reducir, significativamente, los niveles de riesgo sísmico.

Based on the results of Caracas Seismic Microzoning Project, carried out in the years 2005 until 2009, in which were identified zones with similar seismic response, the interest of determining how those results could support the urban planning process of the city arises. In order to contribute to the discussion over this issue, the main features of the seismic hazard, as well as other types of hazard, vulnerability aspects and the urban planning regulation frame of Chacao municipality, in which four buildings collapsed during 1967 earthquake, were studied. The study revealed that the hazard levels presented in the seismic microzonation do not rule neither establish conditions to the land use planning nor the urban design, except for economics effects, and it is a necessary improvement to the in force code for seismic-resistant buildings. The seismic microzonation, together with an appropriate urban planning and management process including structural upgrading, urban renovation, greater law enforcement and socio-technical accompaniment, could reduce significantly the seismic risk levels.

A elevada alcalinidade do betão (pH ≈ 12,5) permite que as armaduras no seu interior estejam protegidas por passivação. No entanto, a penetração de agentes corrosivos como o ião cloreto que destrói a camada passivante de óxidos de ferro que se forma em ambientes altamente alcalinos ou o dióxido de carbono que provoca um decréscimo no pH, expõem as armaduras à corrosão. A qualidade do betão, em particular a sua porosidade, agravam bastante este fenómeno, no entanto se o betão for protegido com um revestimento por pintura, essa dependência diminui. As tintas de base solvente para protecção de betão têm um excelente efeito barreira contra estes agentes corrosivos e com relativa facilidade cumprem a norma EN 1504-2 (Produtos e sistemas para a protecção e reparação de estruturas de betão). No entanto, são ambientalmente agressivas e em breve serão descontinuadas. O presente trabalho descreve uma tinta de base aquosa que cumpre todos os requisitos estipulados para um revestimento para protecção de betão armado. Como a Norma EN 1504-2 não estabelece nenhum valor para a permeabilidade ao ião cloreto, deixando-o ao critério de cada país, o LNEC (Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil) definiu que, em Portugal, esta permeabilidade deverá ser inferior a 10-14·m²·s-1. No decorrer deste estudo verificou-se que os parâmetros que mais influenciam o comportamento da tinta são a natureza química do ligante e o seu CVP (Concentração Volumétrica de Pigmento). O produto desenvolvido encontra-se patenteado (PT 103 563).

Reinforced concrete is protected against corrosion due to the high alkalinity of the concrete, which promotes a passive layer on the reinforcing structures surface. However, the penetration of corrosive agents, such as chloride ions or carbon dioxide, destroys this iron oxide passive layer, originating a decrease in pH and exposing the metal structure to corrosion. The quality of concrete, in particular its porosity, exacerbates this phenomenon, however if the concrete is protected by a coating layer, this dependence decreases. Solvent-based paints for concrete protection have great barrier properties against these corrosive agents and are easily compliant with the standard EN 1504-2 (Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures). However, they show environmental impact and soon will be discontinued. This paper describes a water-borne paint which accomplishes all the requirements for reinforced concrete protection. As the standard EN 1504-2 does not provide any value for the chloride ion permeability, leaving it to the discretion of each country, LNEC (National Laboratory of Civil Engineering) defined that in Portugal this permeability should be less than 10-14 m²·s-1. During this study, one has verified that the parameters that most influence paint performance are the chemical nature of the binder and paint PVC (Pigment Volume Concentration). The developed product is protected by the Portuguese Patent, PT 103 563.

A study was carried out in the experimental facilities of FMVZ/UNESP-Botucatu, with the aim of following-up the development and the incidence of femoral degeneration (FD). A total of 305 one-day-old male broilers were housed in six pens of 5m² each. A completely randomized experimental design, with 3 treatments (T1traditional nutritional density diet; T2high nutritional density diet) of 3 replicates each was applied. Femoral head of the broilers were submitted to gross examination at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of aged. At 42 days of age, 60 birds (30 per treatment) were submitted to the Veterinary Hospital of FMVZ to determine bone mineral density by radiography. Birds were then sacrificed for gross examination of the legs, and FD scoring. Five legs per treatment within each FD score were submitted to computed tomography for femur head integrity and bone mineral density. Treatments did not influence FD incidence, and the first gross FD lesions appeared when birds were 28 days old. It was concluded that radiographic optical densitometry and computed tomography are efficient methods to evaluate femoral degeneration, and both techniques expressed the same profile. In addition, using radiographic optical densitometry and computed tomography, these results also allowed us to establish bone mineral density value ranges within each gross FD score. These finding may provide an excellent non-invasive tool to describe femoral degeneration.

Se realizó un estudio en las instalaciones experimentales de FMVZ/UNESP-Botucatu, con el objetivo de seguir el desarrollo y la incidencia de degeneración femoral en pollos. Se utilizaron 305 polluelos de un día, machos, distribuidos en seis corrales de 5m² cada uno. Se adoptó un delineamiento experimental totalmente al azar, con dos tratamientos de 3 repeticiones cada uno. Se alimentaron las aves del T1 con dietas con densidad nutricional convencional, mientras el T2 consistió de una dieta con alta densidad nutricional. Se realizaron análisis macroscópicos de la cabeza del fémur de aves de 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 y 42 días de edad. A los 42 días de edad, se llevaron 60 aves (30 por tratamiento) al Hospital Veterinario de FMVZ, para hacer radiografías para el análisis de la densidad mineral ósea. Posteriormente, se sacrificaron los pollos para el análisis macroscópico de las piernas y se atribuyeron puntajes para DF. Se seleccionaron cinco muslos por tratamiento dentro de cada puntaje de DF, que fueron sometidas a tomografía para evaluación de la integridad y de la densidad ósea de la cabeza del fémur. Los tratamientos no tuvieron influencia en la incidencia de DF, y a partir de los 28 días de vida, las aves presentaron lesiones macroscópicas. Se estableció que la densitometría ósea y la tomografía son métodos eficaces para evaluar la DF, además que ambos expresan el mismo perfil. Por otra parte, se encontraron intervalos de valores para densidad mineral ósea obtenida por densitometría óptica radiográfica y por tomografía en función de los puntajes macroscópicos de DF. Esos hallazgos son una importante herramienta no invasiva para la caracterización de degeneración femoral.

A study was carried out in the experimental facilities of FMVZ/UNESP-Botucatu, with the aim of following-up the development and the incidence of femoral degeneration (FD). A total of 305 one-day-old male broilers were housed in six pens of 5m² each. Histological analyses of femur head collected when broilers were 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of age were carried out. At 42 days of age, 30 birds were taken to the experimental processing plant of FMVZ for leg gross examination. Ten legs per FD score where selected, and histologically analyzed to determine the most probable age at the beginning of the lesions, and to standardize femoral degeneration lesion scores. The histological results showed that cell architecture started to disorganize at 21 days of age in the resting and proliferation zones, and that angiogenesis increased, invading the joint cartilage, The gross lesion indexes due to femoral degeneration were 22.5%, 42.5%, and 65% at 28, 35, and 42 days of age, respectively.

RESUMEN: Se realizó un estudio en las instalaciones experimentales de FMVZ/UNESP-Botucatu, con el objetivo de seguir el desarrollo y la incidencia de degeneración femoral (DF) en pollos. Se utilizaron 305 polluelos de un día, machos, distribuidos en seis corrales de 5m² cada uno. Se analizaron cortes histológicos de cabezas de fémur recolectadas a los 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 y 42 días de edad. A los 40 días de edad, se llevaron 30 aves al Matadero Experimental de FMVZ, para análisis macroscópico de las piernas. Se escogieron 10 muslos por escore de DF, y se analizaron histológicamente para determinar la edad más probable del inicio de la lesión y estandarizar los escores de lesión por degeneración femoral. Los resultados histológicos indicaron que a los 21 días ocurre el inicio de la desorganización celular en la zona de reposo y de proliferación, además del aumento de la angiogénesis, invadiendo el cartílago articular. Microscópicamente, el índice de lesión por degeneración femoral fue del 22.5%, 42.5% y 65% a los 28, 35 y 42 días de edad, respectivamente.

O objectivo do presente estudo é o desenvolvimento de um primário de protecção catódica com menor conteúdo em zinco e assim com menor custo, recorrendo a resinas condutoras eléctricas. Para tal, usou-se uma resina com base numa polianilina na sua forma condutora (Emeraldine salt Long chain, grafted to Lignin) na formulação dum primário epóxido de alto conteúdo em zinco (primário com 93 % (p/p) de zinco metálico na película seca - nível I) conforme especificado na SSPC (Steel Structures Paint Council) Paint Specification No. 20.). Foi produzida uma formulação com menos 20 % (p/p) de zinco relativamente à formulação original, incorporando-se 3 % (p/p) de polianilina. A caracterização dos primários em termos de propriedades anticorrosivas foi realizada recorrendo a duas técnicas distintas: (i) ensaios de exposição em nevoeiro salino e (ii) um método recente baseado na técnica de espectroscopia de impedância electroquímica (EIS), método AC-DC-AC. Este último permitiu avaliar correctamente e de uma forma expedita (menos de 24 h) as propriedades anticorrosivas dos revestimentos em comparação com a técnica de nevoeiro salino. Os resultados obtidos pelas duas técnicas foram concordantes. Os resultados obtidos indicam ainda que a formulação do primário com a incorporação da polianilina apresenta um desempenho ligeiramente superior ao de referência, em termos de propriedades anticorrosivas.

The objective of this study is the development of an anticorrosive primer with less zinc content. Partial substitution of zinc by electrical conductive resins should rend the process more cost effective. In the present work, a standard epoxy coating with a high zinc content (93 wt. % as specified in the Steel Structures Paint Council), was used as a starting formulation in which part of the zinc was replaced by a resin based polyaniline (Emeraldine salt Long chain, grafted to Lignin). This new formulation was produced with less 20 wt. % of zinc regarding the standard formulation, and the addition of 3 wt. % of polyaniline. The coating characterization, concerning the anticorrosive properties, was performed using two distinct techniques: (i) salt fog spray test and (ii) a new technique based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the so-called AC-DC-AC method. This technique proved to be accurate and much faster (in less 24 hours) than salt fog spray tests; similar results were obtained for the two methods. Based on the results, it was observed that coatings with polyaniline perform slightly better in terms of corrosion protection of steel structures than the standard zinc based formulations.

O linfoma intravascular é uma forma muito rara de linfoma não Hodgkin de células grandes B. Caracteriza-se pela proliferação celular tumoral de linfócitos limitada aos pequenos vasos, particularmente nos capilares. Apresentamos o caso de uma doente de 54 anos, não fumadora, que foi admitida no nosso hospital para investigação de um quadro com quatro meses de evolução de febre, sudorese nocturna, emagrecimento não quantificado e dispneia progressiva. Ao exame objectivo apresentava-se febril, taquicárdica e polipneica. Analiticamente, destacava-se anemia, leucocitose e LDH elevada. Gasometria arterial - FiO2 1 l/m: PaO2-63,6 mm Hg. A telerradiografia de tórax revelava infiltado intersticial difuso. Foram excluídas todas as causas de febre de origem indeterminada. O diagnóstico foi realizado por biópsia pulmonar cirúrgica e foi prescrita terapêutica citostática combinada e rituximab com boa resposta clínica. Relatamos o caso pela dificuldade diagnóstica e pela boa resposta à terapêutica.

Intravascular lymphoma is a very rare form of large B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, characterised by the presence of lymphoma cells in the lumina of small vessels only, particulary in the capillaries. We report a 54 year-old female non-smoker, admitted to hospital for further examination of a four month long clinical condition involving high fever, night sweats, unqualified weight loss and progressive dyspnea. Patient’s temperature was 38.5 ºC, pulse 100/min and respiratory 22 cycles/min. Patient’s haemoglobin was 9.4g/dL, she had leukocytosis, elevated LDH and arterial blood gas analysis with moderate hypoxaemia (FiO2 1l/m: PaO2-63.6 mm Hg). Chest X-ray revealed diffuse interstitial changes. All the possible causes of unknown origin fever were excluded. Diagnosis was made through lung biopsy and treatment with combined chemotherapy and rituximab was prescribed leading to a 48 hours clinical remission. We present this case to show how difficult this diagnosis can be and how a good response to therapy is possible.

In this paper, the analog of Maxwell electromagnetism for hydrodynamic turbulence, the metafluid dynamics, is extended in order to reformulate the metafluid dynamics as a gauge field theory. That analogy opens up the possibility to investigate this theory as a constrained system. Having this possibility in mind, we propose a Lagrangian to describe this new theory of turbulence and, subsequently, analyze it from the symplectic point of view. From this analysis, a hidden gauge symmetry is revealed, providing a clear interpretation and meaning of the physics behind the metafluid theory. Also, the geometrical interpretation to the gauge symmetries is discussed.

The anticlotting and antithrombotic activities of heparin, heparan sulfate, low molecular weight heparins, heparin and heparin-like compounds from various sources used in clinical practice or under development are briefly reviewed. Heparin isolated from shrimp mimics the pharmacological activities of low molecular weight heparins. A heparan sulfate from Artemia franciscana and a dermatan sulfate from tuna fish show a potent heparin cofactor II activity. A heparan sulfate derived from bovine pancreas has a potent antithrombotic activity in an arterial and venous thrombosis model with a negligible activity upon the serine proteases of the coagulation cascade. It is suggested that the antithrombotic activity of heparin and other antithrombotic agents is due at least in part to their action on endothelial cells stimulating the synthesis of an antithrombotic heparan sulfate.

O presente trabalho apresenta um método desenvolvido para a impregnação de amostras de solo indeformadas, com a posterior finalidade da confecção de secções delgadas. A impregnação é efetuada sob vácuo e em um dessecador adaptado para receber a mistura impregnante. Esta, é constituída pela resina poliéster Polylite T 213 diluída em monômero de estireno e catalisada com peróxido de metil-etil-cetona. A confecção das secções delgadas não apresentou problemas que pudessem ser atribuídos a falhas na impregnação, tais como desintegração da amostra, dissolução da mesma em água, trincas, etc. Lâminas de solos e argilas foram obtidas com resultados amplamente satisfatórios.

A method is described for impregnation undisturbed soil and clay materials with a clear and transparent plastic which polimerizes and hardens at room temperature. The impregnation is carried out under vacuum in a desiccator adapted to receive the impregnating solution (poliester resin Polylite T 213 and monomeric styrene, with methyl-ethyl-ketone peroxide as catalist). Thin sections of soil and clay materials were obtained with satisfactory results. The effectiveness of the impregnation was ascertained by the absence of sample desintegration, dissolution in water and cracking.

O presente trabalho teve por finalidade o estudo de cutans em dois perfis de solos pertencentes ao grande grupo Latossol Roxo (série Iracema, Município de Piracicaba, SP), e em dois perfis do grande grupo Terra Roxa Estruturada (Município de Botucatu, SP). Tal estudo baseou-se no exame das amostras dos perfis, em secções delgadas examinadas sob microscópio petrográfico. A análise de uma boa quantidade de lâminas revelou a presença de cutans iluviais nos horizantes B21 dos Lotossóis Roxos, no horizonte B1 e parte do B21 do perfil P3 (Terra Roxa Estruturada) e nos horizontes B21 e B22 do perfil P4 (Terra Roxa Estruturada).

The purpose of this work was the study of cutans in two soil profiles of the Iracema series, Latossol Roxo Great Group, and two profiles of Terra Roxa Estruturada.] The study was based on the exam, under the petrographic microscope, of thin sections prepared from undisturbed soil samples taken from the main horizons of the four profiles under study. The exam of the thin sections revealed the presence of illuvial cutans in the B21 horizons of the Latossol Roxo (profiles P1 and P2), in the B1 and part of the B21 horizons of profile P3 (Terra Roxa Estruturada) and int the B21 and B22 horizons of profile P4 (Terra Roxa Estruturada).

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a ocorrência de montmorilonita em solos desenvolvidos do arenito de Botucatu no município de Piracicaba. Tais solos são os seguintes: Regossol (série Ribeirão Claro), Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo-variação Laras (série Ibitiruna) e Regossol "intergrade". para Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo. Foram selecionados cinco perfis, sendo dois pertencentes ao Regossol (perfis P1, e Ρ2), dois ao Podzólico (perfis P3 e P4) e um ao Regossol "intergrade" (perfil Ρ5). As amostras dos cinco perfis, em número de 33, foram tratadas convenientemente para se processar a eliminação de sais solúveis e agentes cimentantes (matéria orgânica, óxidos de ferro livres, etc), e assim facilitar o estudo da fração argila. Nesta fração foram feitas as determinações químicas (% de K2O, silica, alumina e C.T.C.) e mineralógicas (raios X e análise térmica diferencial). Também determinações granulométricas e químicas foram realizadas em todas as amostras. Os perfis Ρ1 e P2, que não apresentaram rocha consolidada, tiveram a caolinita como mineral dominante (acima de 50%). Os perfis Ρ3, Ρ4 e Ρ5, que apresentaram como material de origem a rocha arenítica consolidada, tiveram a montmorilonita como mineral dominante, apresentando todavia, diferenças quanto ao teor desse mineral. Assim, o Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo-variação Laras, que possui o arenito de Botucatu de estratificação plano-paralela como material originário, teve um teor médio de montmorilonita de 35%, enquanto que o Regossol "intergrade" para Podzólico Vermelho Amarelo, com o mesmo arenito, mas de estratificação cruzada como material originário apresentou um teor médio de montmorilonita de 57%. A presença da montmorilonita nestes dois solos se deve a uma herança do material originário e não à formação local, por intemperização. Neste caso, o material originário deve ter tido, em outras épocas, condições favoráveis para a formação deste mineral, ou seja, clima semi-árido, riqueza de Ca, Mg, Na, baixa relação Si/Al e baixo teor de H. Pelos resultados obtidos, os perfis Ρ1 e P2), parecem não pertencer ao arenito de Botucatu. Infelizmente, devido à falta de dados mineralógicos da rocha do arenito de Botucatu de outras regiões do Estado, não foi possível verificar se a ocorrência da montmorilonita é ou não comum neste arenito. Outras pesquisas devem ser executadas visando este objetivo.

Five soil profiles developed from Botucatu Sandstone were selected for a study of the occurrence of montmorillonite. These were, respectively, two Regosols (P1 and P2), two Red-Yellow Podzolic-Laras variation (P3 and P4) and an Intergrade Regosol (P5). A total of 33 samples were taken from these profiles. Particle size distribution and routine chemical characterization was done for all samples. The clay fraction of each sample was submitted to the following analysis: determination of %K2O, silica, alluminum, cation exchange capacity, X-ray diffraction and DTA. Kaolinite was the dominant clay mineral in the soil profiles overlying unconsolidated rock material (P1 and P2) whereas montmorillonite was dominant in those overlying consolidated rock (P3, P4 and P5). Average content of montmorillonite in the Red-Yellow Podzolic profiles overlying stratified sandstone was 35%, whereas for the Intergrade Regosol the average was 57%. The results obtained indicate that montmorillonite is an inherited character in these soils. Profiles P1 and P2 are probably derived from materials other than Botucatu Sandstone.